Carbon-Nanofiller Self-Sensing Concrete for Embedded Structural Health Monitoring: A Simulated Piezoresistive Reliability Study

This article presents a clearly labeled simulated empirical study in Civil Engineering. A simulated cementitious- sensor study compared carbon black, carbon fiber, and hybrid carbon-black/carbon-fiber conductive networks under compression and tension. Gauge factor, resistivity drift, hysteresis, temperature sensitivity, cyclic repeatability, and electrode-layout effects were modeled. The hybrid-filler configuration achieved the highest simulated repeatability and tensile sensitivity, while the single carbon-black mix showed lower cost but more hysteresis. Four- probe measurement substantially reduced contact-resistance variability compared with the two-probe configuration. All numerical observations and empirical outcomes are synthetic and intended for methodological illustration only. No real commercial deployment, infrastructure site, clinical cohort, industrial plant, or laboratory experiment was used. The article combines current verified literature with a topic-specific analytical structure and explicitly separates simulated findings from published research.