Exploring the Role of Quantum Computing in Cryptography

Abstract

The rapid evolution of quantum computing presents profound implications for the field of cryptography, where traditional methods of ensuring data confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity are at risk. By leveraging quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement, quantum computers can solve complex mathematical problems far more efficiently than classical computers. This poses a direct threat to widely used public-key cryptosystems like RSA, elliptic-curve cryptography, and DSA, as Shor's algorithm can break these protocols in polynomial time. Similarly, symmetric cryptographic systems face challenges from Grover's algorithm, which halves their effective key length.

This review investigates the dual impact of quantum computing on cryptography: as a disruptive force undermining conventional systems and as a catalyst for innovation in quantum-resistant approaches. Emerging post-quantum cryptographic methods, including lattice-based, hash-based, and multivariate polynomial cryptography, are explored alongside advancements in quantum key distribution (QKD), which leverages quantum mechanics to achieve secure communication.

While quantum technologies promise theoretically unbreakable security, practical challenges remain, such as scalability, cost, and infrastructure requirements. The review emphasizes the critical need for proactive research, standardization, and global collaboration to safeguard digital communication in the quantum era, ensuring a secure transition from classical to post-quantum cryptographic systems.